What is An Atom I What is inside them I Full information
The word atom comes from an Greek word which means inseperable as it was believed that atoms are the smallest part of the matter.
Atoms were created 13.7 billion years ago. While the new tropical climate was cooler, conditions were favorable for the formation of quarks and electrons. Quarks combine to form protons and neutrons, and these particles combine to form nuclei. All of this happened within the first few minutes everywhere, according to CERN.
It took 380,000 years for the universe to cool down enough to slow down the electrons so that the nuclei could take them and make the first atoms. The first atoms were hydrogen and helium, the most abundant elements in the universe, according to Jefferson Lab. The gravitational force eventually causes the clouds to gather and form stars, and heavy (and still-growing) atoms are formed inside the stars and sent out into space when the star explodes (supernova).
Atomic particles
Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the nucleus in the center of an atom. Electrons are extremely light and are present in the cloud around the nucleus. The electron cloud is 10,000 times larger than the nucleus, according to the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Protons and neutrons have the same weight. However, one proton is 1,835 times larger than an electron. Atoms always have the same number of protons and electrons, and the number of protons and neutrons is usually the same. Adding a proton to an atom makes something new, while adding a neutron makes an isotope, or a heavier version, of that atom.
Background
The nucleus was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand scientist. In 1920, Rutherford proposed the proton with the most expensive atomic particles in the universe. He also said that there was a neutral part within the nucleus that James Chadwick, a British philosopher and Rutherford student, was able to prove in 1932.
Almost all atomic mass resides in its nucleus, according to Chemistry LibreTexts. Protons and neutrons form a nearly identical nucleus (proton slightly smaller) and have the same angular force, or spin.
The nucleus is held together by a force, one of the four basic forces in nature. These forces between protons and neutrons overpower the disgusting electrical energy that may separate protons according to electrical laws. Some atomic elements are unstable because binding forces vary in atoms that vary according to the size of the nucleus. These atoms will decompose into other elements, such as carbon-14 which decomposes into nitrogen-14.
Atomic structure
Atoms could be considered as a sphere with electrons , protons and neutrons within them . You could understand better by the following diagram
Sub Atomic particles
As we already know that atoms consists of three subatomic particles that are Electrons , Protons and Neutrons . Now we would know about them in very deep , So let us start.
Protons
Protons have well-charged particles located inside the nuclei of an atom. Rutherford found them in the examination of cathode-ray tubes made between 1911 and 1919. Protons are about 99.86% as large as neutrons.
The number of protons in an atom is different for each object. For example, carbon atoms have six protons, one hydrogen atom and eight oxygen atoms. The number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number of the object. The number of protons also determines the chemical composition of the substance. Elements are listed in the Periodic Table of the Elements to increase the number of atoms.
Three quarks make up each proton - two "top" quarks (each with two thirds charged) and one "bottom" quark (with one negative third charge) - and are held together by other subatomic particles called gluons , weightless.
Electrons
Electrons are smaller than protons and neutrons, more than 1,800 times greater than protons or neutrons. Electrons account for about 0.054% as large as neutrons, according to Jefferson Lab.
Joseph John (JJ) Thomson, a British philosopher, discovered the electron in 1897, according to the Science History Institute. Originally known as "corpuscles," electrons have a negative charge and are electronically attracted to well-charged protons. Electrons encircle the nucleus of the atom in orbitals, a concept introduced by Erwin Schrödinger, an Austrian philosopher, in the 1920's. Today, this model is known as the quantum model or the electron cloud model. The inner orbits around the atom are round but the outer orbital ones are much harder.
The electron arrangement of an atom refers to the locations of the electrons in the normal atom. By using electronic suspensions and physics systems, chemicals can predict atomic structures, such as stability, boiling point and conduction, according to the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Neutrons
The existence of the neutron was described by Rutherford in 1920 and discovered by Chadwick in 1932, according to the American Physical Society. Neutrons were detected during the experiment when atoms were shot at a small sheet of beryllium. Free subatomic particles were released - neutrons.
Neutrons are free particles found in every nuclei of an atom (except hydrogen). The weight of a neutron is slightly greater than that of a proton. Like protons, neutrons are also made of quarks - one "high" quark (with 2/3 charged) and two "low" quarks (each with a negative third charge).
Atomic history
The theory of the atom begins at least as far back as 440 BC from Democritus, a Greek scientist and philosopher. Democritus may have built his theory of atoms on the work of previous philosophers, according to Andrew G. Van Melsen, author of "From Atomos to Atom: The History of the Concept Atom" (Duquesne University Press, 1952).
Democritus' description of the atom begins with a stone. The cut stone gives two halves of the same stone. If the stone were to be cut continuously, sometimes a piece of stone would be small enough to cut. The word "atom" comes from an inseparable Greek word, which Democritus concludes must be a place where the creature (any kind of matter) cannot be separated.
His definition includes the notion that atoms exist separately, that there are infinite atoms, that atoms can move, that they can come together to form a bond but not combine into a new atom, and that it cannot be separated, according to Universe Today. However, because many philosophers at the time - especially the influential Aristotle - believed that everything was created from earth, air, fire, and water, Democratus' atomic view was set aside.
John Dalton, a British chemist, built on the ideas of Democritus in 1803 while setting up his own atom, according to the department of chemistry at Purdue University. Dalton's theory included several ideas from Democritus, such as inseparable and indestructible atoms and that different atoms work together to create everything. Dalton's additions to the theory included the following ideas: That all atoms of a single object were the same, that atoms of one object would have different weights and structures than atoms of another, that atoms could not be built or destroyed and that matter was formed by atoms being assembled with simple whole numbers.
Thomson, a British scientist who discovered an electron in 1897, proved that atoms can be separated, according to the Chemical Heritage Foundation. He was able to detect the presence of electrons by studying the structures of the electrical output in cathode-ray tubes. According to Thomson's 1897 paper, radiation was purified inside the tube, proving that something was being charged inside the vacuum tube. In 1899, Thomson published an explanation for his atomic translation, known as the "plum pudding model." Excerpts from this paper are available on the Chem Team site. Thomson's atomic model involves a large number of electrons suspended in an object that has produced a positive charge that gives the atom a complete neutral charge. Her model resembled a plum pudding, a popular British dessert with grapes set in a cake-shaped round box.
The next scientist to continue to modify and advance the atomic model was Rutherford, who studied under Thomson, according to the department of chemistry at Purdue University. In 1911, Rutherford published his atomic translation, which included a fine-grained nucleus surrounded by electrons. This model came about when Rutherford and his assistants extracted alpha particles from small gold sheets. The alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons, all held together by the same nuclear force that binds the nucleus, according to Jefferson Lab.
Scientists have observed that a small percentage of alpha particles were dispersed with very large arms to the original direction of movement while most passed directly uninterrupted. Rutherford was able to quantify the nucleus of a gold atom, finding that about 10,000 times smaller than the entire atom, the larger part of the atom is empty. Rutherford's atomic model is still the basic model used today.
Several other scientists have advanced the atomic model, including Niels Bohr (built on Rutherford's model to include hydrogen spectrum-based electron structures), Erwin Schrödinger (made atomic model), and Werner Heisenberg (said man cannot position) and electron velocity simultaneously), with Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig (independently promoting the idea that protons and neutrons are made of quarks).
So, this was the complete information about the atom .
Nice information 😁😁
ReplyDelete